DAILP

Digital Archive of Indigenous Language Persistence
Log in

Glossary of Terms

Aspectual Suffixes

CMP – Completed Action
The Completive/Perfective stem indicates a past or future completed action. (CRG: 72-74)
IMM – Immediate Action ('just now')
The Immediate/Punctual stem presents an action that took place in the recent past; it can also be used as a command to express an action that should be done in the near future. (CRG: 69-72)
INC – Incomplete Action
The Incompletive/Imperfective stem indicates that the action is not completed. (CRG: 68-69)
INF – Infinitive ('to do...')
The Infinitive has many different uses; for most of these functions it appears with another verb rather than alone. One of the most common uses of this stem is the Infinitive complement function: to serve as an object to another verb. (CRG: 74-77)
PRC – Present Continuous Action
The Present Continuous stem indicates that an action or state is happening at the time of speaking. (CRG: 67-68)

Clitics

CN – Conjunction Suffix ('and')
The Conjunction postfix serves to link two words together and is often translated as ‘and’; another important function is to announce the topic of the sentence. (CRG 206-208)
CQ – Conducive Question ('don't you...?')
The Conducive Question postfix is used to ask questions to which a ‘yes’ answer is expected. (CRG: 198-199)
CS – Concessive Suffix ('but', 'wonder if')
The Concessive postfix is typically translated as ‘but’. When attached to a question word, it often expresses ‘I wonder’. (CRG: 209)
CT – Contrastive Suffix
The Contrastive postfix usually occurs following -sgo to question an assertion. (CRG: 203-204)
DT – Delimiter Suffix ('only')
The Delimiter postfix often has the meaning ‘only’ or ‘just’ and is often emphatic. (CRG: 200-202)
EM – Emphasis Suffix
The Emphatic postfix used to emphasize a word, usually at the beginning of a clause. It is often not translated. (CRG: 204-205)
EQ – Echo Question Suffix
FC – Focus Suffix
The Focus postfix indicates focus on the word to which it attaches. (CRG: 205-206)
OQ – Or' Question Suffix
The 'Or' Question postfix presents a choice between two alternatives. lt also appears on question words either to emphasize the question, as in (85a), or to alter the question itself. (CRG: 198-199)
OS – "Or" Statement
The "Or" Statement postfix is typically translated as ‘or’ and attaches to statements. (CRG: 202-203)
Q – Yes/No Question Suffix
The Yes/No Question postfix appears on the word that is being questioned when a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer is expected. (CRG:199-200)

Derivational Suffixes

ACC:CMP – Completive Accidental Derivational Suffix
ACC:IMM – Immediate Accidental Derivational Suffix
ACC:INC – Accidental Derivational Suffix
ACC:INF – Infinitive Accidental Derivational Suffix
AMB – Ambulative Derivational Suffix
AMB:CMP – Completive Ambulative Derivational Suffix
AMB:IMM – Immediate Ambulative Derivational Suffix
AMB:INC – Incompletive Ambulative Derivational Suffix
AMB:INF – Infinitive Ambulative Derivational Suffix
AMB:PRC – Present Continuous Ambulative Derivational Suffix
APL – Applicative Derivational Suffix
APL:CMP – Completive Applicative Derivational Suffix
APL:IMM – Immediate Applicative Derivational Suffix
APL:INC – Incompletive Applicative Derivational Suffix
APL:INF – Infinitive Applicative Derivational Suffix
APL:PRC – Present Continuous Applicative Derivational Suffix
CAUS – Causative Derivational Suffix
CAUS:CMP – Completive Causative Derivational Suffix
CAUS:IMM – Immediate Causative Derivational Suffix
CAUS:INC – Incompletive Causative Derivational Suffix
CAUS:INF – Infinitive Causative Derivational Suffix
CAUS:PRC – Present Continuous Causative Derivational Suffix
DPL – Duplicative Derivational Suffix
DPL:CMP – Completive Duplicative Derivational Suffix
DPL:IMM – Immediate Duplicative Derivational Suffix
DPL:INC – Incompletive Duplicative Derivational Suffix
DPL:INF – Infinitive Duplicative Derivational Suffix
DPL:PRC – Present Continuous Duplicative Derivational Suffix
MLT:CMP – Completive Multiplicative Derivational Suffix
MLT:INC – Incompletive Multiplicative Derivational Suffix
MLT:INF – Infinitive Multiplicative Derivational Suffix
MLT:PRC – Present Continuous Multiplicative Derivational Suffix
MOV:CMP – Completive Movement Derivational Suffix
MOV:IMM – Immediate Movement Derivational Suffix
MOV:INC – Incompletive Movement Derivational Suffix
MOV:INF – Infinitive Movement Derivational Suffix
MOV:PRC – Present Continuous Movement Derivational Suffix
PRI – Pre-incipient Derivational Suffix
PRI:CMP – Completive Pre-incipient Derivational Suffix
PRI:IMM – Immediate Pre-incipient Derivational Suffix
PRI:INC – Incompletive Pre-incipient Derivational Suffix
PRI:INF – Infinitive Pre-incipient Derivational Suffix
PRI:PRC – Present Continuous Pre-incipient Derivational Suffix
PRP – Purpose Derivational Suffix
PRP:CMP – Completive Purpose Derivational Suffix
PRP:IMM – Immediate Purpose Derivational Suffix
PRP:INC – Incompletive Purpose Derivational Suffix
PRP:INF – Infinitive Purpose Derivational Suffix
PRP:PRC – Present Continuous Purpose Derivational Suffix
REP:CMP – Completive Repetitive Derivational Suffix
REP:IMM – Immediate Repetitive Derivational Suffix
REP:INC – Incompletive Repetitive Derivational Suffix
REP:INF – Infinitive Repetitive Derivational Suffix
REP:PRC – Present Continuous Repetitive Derivational Suffix
TRM – Terminative Derivational Suffix
TRM:CMP – Completive Terminative Derivational Suffix
TRM:IMM – Immediate Terminative Derivational Suffix
TRM:INC – Incompletive Terminative Derivational Suffix
TRM:INF – Infinitive Terminative Derivational Suffix
TRM:PRC – Present Continuous Terminative Derivational Suffix

Modal Suffixes

CMF – Completed Future Action
COND.FUT – Conditional Future Action
EXP – Experienced Past Event
FCM – Future Command ('let us...')
HAB – Habitual Action
IND – Indicative Suffix
MOT – In Motion
NDV – Negative Deverbalizer Suffix
NXP – Non-experienced Past Event
PFT – Progressive Future ('is going to...')

Nominal Suffixes

ADJ – Adjective Suffix
AGT – Agentive Suffix
AUG – Augmentative Suffix
CHR – Characterizer Suffix
CVB – Converb Suffix
DIM – Diminutive Suffix
DVB – Deverbalizer Suffix
INT – Intensifier Suffix
LOC – Locative Suffix
NOM – Nominal Suffix
PCP – Participle Suffix
POSS – Possessive Suffix
REAL – Authentic Suffix

Personal Pronouns

I.we – 1st Person Personal Pronoun
POSS.PRO – Possessive Pronoun ('their')

Prepronominal Prefixes

ANS – Animate Nonsingular Prefix
For some speakers the Animate Nonsingular (ANS) prepronominal prefix gaa- is used to reference third person nonsingular animate objects; other speakers use the Distributive prefix dee-. (CRG: 117)
COM – Command Prefix ('do ...!')
The Command prepronominal prefix appears with negative commands in certain contexts. (CRG: 113-115)
DST – Distributive Prefix ('many')
The Distributive prepronominal prefix has two forms, DST1 and DST2. Its two basic meanings are to indicate the presence of a nonsingular object or the distribution and/or multiplication of an action. (CRG: 109-113;140; 304-305)
IRR – Irrealis Prefix ('maybe')
The Irrealis prepronominal prefix references an action that has not occurred and/or might occur. One of the most important functions of this prefix is negation. (CRG: 106-109)
ITR – Iterative Prefix ('over and over')
The Iterative prepronominal prefix indicates that an action has been repeated. (CRG: 293-296)
NEG – Negative Prefix ('not')
The GA or Negative prepronominal prefix has several uses. The most common use of this prefix is to indicate that something has not happened for a certain period. (CRG: 297-300)
NI – NI Prefix
The ni- or Partitive prepronominal prefix has two forms: NI1 (PART1) and NI2 (PART2). This prefix has several different functions. (CRG 283-288; 339-340)
REL – Relativizer Prefix
The Relativizer prepronominal prefix primarily indicates that a verb is part of a relative clause. It may also indicate a definite past time frame in which the verb took place. (CRG: 279-282)
TOC – Toward Command Prefix ('go do ...!')
TOW – Toward Prefix
The Toward prepronominal prefix has two forms: TOW1 and TOW2. This prefix indicates an action that is facing or approaching the speaker.
TRNSL – Translocative Prefix ('away from')
The Translocative prepronominal prefix indicates a motion away from the speaker as well as an action that is taking place at a distance from the speaker. (CRG: 104-106)

Pronominal Prefixes

all.of.us – 1st Person Plural Inclusive Pronoun
EMP.PRO – Emphatic Pronoun
I – 1st Person Singular Pronoun
I/AN – 1st Person Animate Pronoun
I.OBJ – 1st Person Singular Object Focus Pronoun
I/them – 1/3PL Combined Local Pronoun
I/you – 1/2SG Combined Local Pronoun
I/you.all – 1/2PL Combined Local Pronoun
I/you.two – 1/2DL Combined Local Pronoun
my – 1st Person Family Pronoun
one – 3rd Person Impersonal Pronoun
s/he/they – 3rd Person Singular Pronoun ('she, he, they, it')
s/he/they.&.I – 1st Person Dual Exclusive Pronoun
s/he/they.&.I/AN – 1st Person Dual Exclusive Animate Pronoun
s/he/they.&.I.OBJ – 1st Person Dual Exclusive Object Focus Pronoun
s/he/they.OBJ – 3rd Person Singular Object Focus Pronoun
they – 3rd Person Plural Pronoun
they>all.of.us – 3PL>1PL.IN Combined Nonsingular Subject
they>him.&.me – 3PL>1DU.EX Combined Nonsingular Subject
they.&.I – 1st Person Plural Exclusive Pronoun
they.&.I/AN – 1st Person Plural Exclusive Animate Pronoun
they.&.I.OBJ – 1st Person Plural Exclusive Object Focus Pronoun
they>me – 3rd Person Plural Subject, 1st Person Singular Object
they.OBJ – 3rd Person Plural Object Focus Pronoun
they>s/he/them – 3rd Person Plural Subject, 3rd Person Singular Object
they>them – 3PL>3PL Combined Nonsingular Subject
they>them.&.me – 3PL>1PL.EX Combined Nonsingular Subject
they>you – 3rd Person Plural Subject, 2nd Person Singular Object
they>you.all – 3PL>2PL Combined Nonsingular Subject
they>you.&.me – 3PL>1DU.IN Combined Nonsingular Subject
they>you.two – 3PL>2DU Combined Nonsingular Subject
we.all/AN – 1st Person Plural Inclusive Animate Pronoun
we.all.OBJ – 1st Person Plural Inclusive Object Focus Pronoun
you – 2nd Person Singular Pronoun
you.all – 2nd Person Plural Pronoun
you.all/AN – 2nd Person Plural Animate Pronoun
you.all.OBJ – 2nd Person Plural Object Focus Pronoun
you/AN – 2nd Person Animate Pronoun
you/him.&.me – 2/1DL Combined Local Pronoun
you.&.I – 1st Person Dual Inclusive Pronoun
you.&.I/AN – 1st Person Dual Inclusive Animate Pronoun
you.&.I.OBJ – 1st Person Dual Inclusive Object Focus Pronoun
you/me – 2/1SG Combined Local Pronoun
you.OBJ – 2nd Person Singular Object Focus Pronoun
you/them.&.me – 2/1PL Combined Local Pronoun
you.two – 2nd Person Dual Pronoun
you.two/AN – 2nd Person Dual Animate Pronoun
you.two.OBJ – 2nd Person Dual Object Focus Pronoun

Reflexive Prefixes

MDL – Middle Prefix
RFL – Reflexive Prefix